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Posted by Simplelife | Posted in | Posted on 1:52 AM

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It's official: An asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs

Posted by Simplelife | Posted in | Posted on 1:26 AM

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LONDON (Reuters) – A giant asteroid smashing into Earth is the only plausible explanation for the extinction of the dinosaurs, a global scientific team said on Thursday, hoping to settle a row that has divided experts for decades.

A panel of 41 scientists from across the world reviewed 20 years' worth of research to try to confirm the cause of the so-called Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) extinction, which created a "hellish environment" around 65 million years ago and wiped out more than half of all species on the planet.

Scientific opinion was split over whether the extinction was caused by an asteroid or by volcanic activity in the Deccan Traps in what is now India, where there were a series of super volcanic eruptions that lasted around 1.5 million years.

The new study, conducted by scientists from Europe, the United States, Mexico, Canada and Japan and published in the journal Science, found that a 15-kilometre (9 miles) wide asteroid slamming into Earth at Chicxulub in what is now Mexico was the culprit.

"We now have great confidence that an asteroid was the cause of the KT extinction. This triggered large-scale fires, earthquakes measuring more than 10 on the Richter scale, and continental landslides, which created tsunamis," said Joanna Morgan of Imperial College London, a co-author of the review.

The asteroid is thought to have hit Earth with a force a billion times more powerful than the atomic bomb at Hiroshima.

Morgan said the "final nail in the coffin for the dinosaurs" came when blasted material flew into the atmosphere, shrouding the planet in darkness, causing a global winter and "killing off many species that couldn't adapt to this hellish environment."

Scientists working on the study analyzed the work of paleontologists, geochemists, climate modelers, geophysicists and sedimentologists who have been collecting evidence about the KT extinction over the last 20 years.

Geological records show the event that triggered the dinosaurs' demise rapidly destroyed marine and land ecosystems, they said, and the asteroid hit "is the only plausible explanation for this."

Peter Schulte of the University of Erlangen in Germany, a lead author on the study, said fossil records clearly show a mass extinction about 65.5 million years ago -- a time now known as the K-Pg boundary.

Despite evidence of active volcanism in India, marine and land ecosystems only showed minor changes in the 500,000 years before the K-Pg boundary, suggesting the extinction did not come earlier and was not prompted by eruptions.

The Deccan volcano theory is also thrown into doubt by models of atmospheric chemistry, the team said, which show the asteroid impact would have released much larger amounts of sulphur, dust and soot in a much shorter time than the volcanic eruptions could have, causing extreme darkening and cooling.

Gareth Collins, another co-author from Imperial College, said the asteroid impact created a "hellish day" that signaled the end of the 160-million-year reign of the dinosaurs, but also turned out to be a great day for mammals.

"The KT extinction was a pivotal moment in Earth's history, which ultimately paved the way for humans to become the dominant species on Earth," he wrote in a commentary on the study.

(Collins has created a website at http://impact.ese.ic.ac.uk/ImpactEffects/Chicxulub.html which allows readers to see the effects of the asteroid impact.)

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Wearing Helmet Could Be Dangerous...

Posted by Simplelife | Posted in | Posted on 11:59 AM

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According to a new scientific investigation currently being carried out by experts at two Bath universities, wearing a crash helmet while riding a bike is indeed advantageous for your safety, but may pose other risks to your health. Additionally, the researchers have discovered up until now, the helmets could also be affecting the way these people ride their bikes. This research project is being funded by The Leverhulme Trust, AlphaGalileo reports. One of the primary targets for the new investigation is to determine how wearing helmets affects the riders' hearing and ability to concentrate and focus on the road.
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The investigation was co-led by University of Bath (UB) Department of Mechanical Engineering expert Dr. Michael Carley, and Bath Spa University (BSU) Department of Psychology scientist Dr. Nigel Holt. The two collaborated closely with colleague Dr. Ian Walker, from the UB Department of Psychology. Together, the experts perform tests in the field, conducting measurements of how noise is received, transmitted and modified inside these helmets, and how that affects a rider's ability to focus.

“The noise inside the helmet at the legal speed of 70 mph [miles per hour] is higher than the legal limit for noise at work – more than enough to cause serious hearing damage. The issue isn't noisy engines or loud exhausts as you may think. The noise is simply from the airflow over the helmet. Ear plugs won't help much either as the noise is transferred into the inner ear from the rider's bones. This has been known for 20 years yet little research has been done on the noise and its effects,” Carley reveals.

This issue merits close investigation, the team says, so the study will be split into two parts. The first will deal exclusively with how noise gets transmitted, or amplified, through the head-helmet system. “We already know that the noise passes to the ear partly through air and partly through the rider's bones. To reduce hearing damage we must establish which route is more important and a higher priority to hearing protection measures,” Carley, who will also be directing this portion of the investigation, says.

The second part of the work will focus on subjecting test participants to cognitive tests, while at the same time exposing them to the level of noise that someone riding a bike is subjected to. The rationale behind this approach is that driving any vehicle requires a great deal of concentration and attention, and that, therefore, the effects of sounds on these two mental traits need to be analyzed. “It is known that noise can affect perception and cognition but, so far, nobody has tried to examine how noise in motorcycling affects the performance of riders,” Holt shares. “This isn't about putting people off riding or wearing helmets; it's about finding ways to reduce this damage so that riders can have a better riding experience,” he adds.